ABSTRACT
Suicide is the process that an individual ends his/her own life, and usually methods providing a quick death are chosen. The most common methods are jumping from heights and firearm shots. However, in some suicide attempts, some unusual methods are used. These can be seen in patients with psychiatric disorders such as severe depression and schizophrenia. The idea of suicide by hammering nail into the head is uncommon because it is a method that cannot lead to a quick death and cause suffering. Beside these, it does not lead to death with a single action. We present a case of a young male patient who attempted suicide with hammering nail into the head and review the literature on this subject.
Introduction
Suicide is the attempt of ending one’s own life because of underlying psychological disorder. The type of the suicide attempt of a patient depends on the suicide devices that the patient can reach. A patient who attempt suicide may try this in a variety of ways. The patients usually choose methods which provide a quick death in only one attempt. Jumping from heights and suicide with firearms are common. The survival rate in traumatic brain injuries with firearms is very low. For this reason, headshots are common in firearm suicides. With the development of the industry, reaching to nail guns is easy and these are frequently used for suicide. However, manually hammering nails is extremely rare. There are also factors affecting survival in penetrating nail injuries to the head. Concomitant vascular injuries, hematomas and infections are determiner for survival.
Case
The patient was a 21-year-old right-handed male. He had two unsuccessful suicide attempts in his past history. He had tried to commit suicide by taking lots of drugs and tried to cut his wrists but could not succeed. He has decided to commit suicide by hammering a nail into his head. He has hammered a nail into his head (Figure 1). He was conscious when he was brought to the emergency department. There was no neurological deficit except for slight right hemiparesis (4/5). The head of the nail was seen on the scalp in the left frontoparietal region. A 10-cm nail was seen on plain X-ray. Cranial computed tomography (CT) showed a nail in the left frontoparietal region (Figure 2). The patient was treated with emergency surgery. Under general anesthesia, a burr hole was performed near the nail, the nail head was observed during a small circumferential craniotomy. After opening the dura mater, the nail was removed in a controlled manner. The route of the nail in the brain was checked and the dura mater was closed with primary repair. There was no parenchymal bleeding. A follow-up CT showed the route of the nail with minimal hemorrhagic contusion (Figure 3). Postoperative course was unremarkable. His neurologic deficit recovered dramatically. The patient was referred to the psychiatry department. The patient was discharged after one month from the psychiatry department. However, he attempted suicide again by jumping from a high place three months after the discharge and lost his life.
Consent was obtained from the relatives of the patient for publication of this case report.
Discussion
Reports about injuries caused by penetrating objects such as pens, pieces of wood, knitting needles, knives or other kinds of materials are rather common in the literature (1-3). However, reports about brain injuries with penetrating objects resulting from suicide attempts are rare. In most of these injuries, automatic devices, such as nail guns, are used. Manual and self-inflicted penetrating brain injuries are less common. In the literature, there are reports of penetrating brain injuries after suicide attempt with nails, screws, awls and wires for suicide attempts (4-6). Nail guns were used in most of the suicide attempts with nails. There are very few cases of attempted suicide by hammering nails in the literature. To our knowledge, there are only five publications about nail hammering (7-11). The reason for such a small number of cases is the necessity of using both hands to commit suicide and the necessity to continue suicide in spite of pain. There are also cases of penetrating brain injuries caused by nails which may be the result of a punishment.
In the literature, it is observed that patients who attempt suicide with this method usually have psychiatric disorders and repeatedly attempt suicide. As a matter of fact, our patient attempted suicide 4 times in total and died at the last attempt. Our patient was treated with the diagnosis of severe schizophrenia but discontinued his treatment. Patients who commit suicide may choose different methods despite all difficulties. Also, our patient has learned from the internet that the dominant hemisphere of the brain was frequently on the left side and then hammered the nail to the left side of the head. Easy access to information can sometimes be used by patients in a negative direction. CT is the most useful tool for initial investigation of penetrating injuries to the brain. It has been stated that magnetic resonance imaging can be useful in the assessment of injuries caused by non-magnetic materials (4). Although some studies reported that X-ray was useless, it is easier to understand the size and route of these materials on X-ray images (4). In the presence of suspicion of vascular injury due to the location of the material, angiography may provide more reliable results (12). Direct removal of the nail in surgical treatment, or removal by craniotomy or craniectomy is still controversial. We recommend performing small craniectomy under general anesthesia around the penetrating material and then performing mini craniotomy like a ring with leaving the material in the middle. After the craniotomy is performed, the dura mater is opened around the penetrating material and the penetrating object is pulled out in a controlled manner. If bleeding occurs from any area, this method will allow for necessary intervention. In addition, in this way, inwardly penetrating bone tissues and dirty wound edges can be debrided. Particular attention should be paid to early and late complications and if there is a cortical injury, antiepileptic treatment should be started immediately. To prevent cerebrospinal fluid fistula, the dura mater should be sutured in a watertight fashion and a broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy should be initiated. Tetanus prophylaxis should also be performed. It is recommended that once clinical stability is achieved, the patients should be referred to the psychiatry department for the treatment of the psychiatric disorder.
Cranial nail injuries are extremely rare and should be treated with caution after radiological evaluation. After surgical treatment, management of underlying psychiatric disorder and subsequent closer observation of the patient is momentous.